My Best Friend Essay Example for Free

My Best Friend Essay Believe it or not, my best friend is an elderly woman in her late 70s. Her name is Maria. She is Spanish decent, married, with no children. We couldn’t appear to be more different. Maria and I met at the gym last year. That’s about all we had in common when we met – that we were both active and healthy. Many people would question why I would develop such a close relationship with someone more than twice my age. It was our differences that actually brought us close. Maria had already been through all of the things that I had yet to face in my life, and she had a lot to teach me. I was a ready listener, as I was facing things in my life that I had never experienced before. I needed guidance and friendship, and Maria was like an angel sent to guide me. I enjoy spending time with Maria. She is pleasant all the time and very easy going. I can talk to her about anything, and she seems to know just what to say or when not to say anything at all. She is very confident and doesn’t try to impress anyone by pretending to be someone she is not; perhaps this is why I am so drawn to her. Maria is very happy with her life despite the fact that she never had children and is in the winter of her life. She has given me the opportunity to look at my life in a different perspective and to accept and be proud of all of the choices that I have made, while at the same time offering guidance for my future. Every moment I spend with Maria is a gift. I cherish it. I hope she gains as much from our friendship as I do.

Schone Madonna :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schone Madonna is a German term meaning â€Å"Beautiful Madonna†. This image possibly originated as a response to new ways to practice religion, and in particular, worship of the Virgin in a more personal manner. Three examples of this representation include the Roudnice Madonna, the Madonna of Krumau, and the Jihlava Pieta.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Roudnice Madonna, a 35 1/2† x 26 1/4† panel constructed in approximately 1400, effectively shows the focus on amore soft and attractive Mary than seen in previous depictions. Using chiaroscuro, the artist modeled a beautiful face for the Virgin. The Christ child is more at ease than ever, relaxing comfortably with his mother. The drapery of the Virgin’s gown, similarly seen on the statues of this type, are full and rhythmic, extending to the wrist. This image of Mary is considered to be the finest image developed by the Bohemian sculptors, likely created for South Bohemian courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This new Madonna developed roots from the intense level of worship for the Virgin Mary at this time in history in Europe. There was a new desire to show this idol as a beautiful princess, not as a humble servant or out-of-reach queen. The Schone Madonna became the Bohemian feminine ideal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The three basic prototypes for the â€Å"Beautiful Madonna†, Krumau, Thorn, and Breslau, are all very similar, with graceful postures, made of the same material, approximately the same height, and around the same time period. Of these, the Madonna of Krumau is considered the best and most famous. A stone sculpture, 4’3†, dating to approximately 1390-1400, it was created by a Bohemian artist who focused on Schone Madonna figures. This piece â€Å"embodies the beau ideal as the chaste princess of the Late Gothic age.† (p.31 textbook) Mary has a poised head on a long neck emerging from narrow shoulders, with a charming face and high forehead. Her long fingers gently, but firmly grasp her young son, while he makes eye contact with the viewer. The Madonna’s drapery is poetic in abstraction, a Schone Madonna style characteristic. The gentle â€Å"S† curve of her body allows for elegant cascades of draped cloth. (p. 31 textbook)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jihlava Pieta was sculpted of stone by a Bohemian artist around 1400-1410. This composition is formed by a seated Madonna, and the diagonal is marked by a rigid Christ. (p. 32 textbook) Mary almost looks happy to see her once suffering son dead, and this is somewhat disturbing. Schone Madonna :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schone Madonna is a German term meaning â€Å"Beautiful Madonna†. This image possibly originated as a response to new ways to practice religion, and in particular, worship of the Virgin in a more personal manner. Three examples of this representation include the Roudnice Madonna, the Madonna of Krumau, and the Jihlava Pieta.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Roudnice Madonna, a 35 1/2† x 26 1/4† panel constructed in approximately 1400, effectively shows the focus on amore soft and attractive Mary than seen in previous depictions. Using chiaroscuro, the artist modeled a beautiful face for the Virgin. The Christ child is more at ease than ever, relaxing comfortably with his mother. The drapery of the Virgin’s gown, similarly seen on the statues of this type, are full and rhythmic, extending to the wrist. This image of Mary is considered to be the finest image developed by the Bohemian sculptors, likely created for South Bohemian courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This new Madonna developed roots from the intense level of worship for the Virgin Mary at this time in history in Europe. There was a new desire to show this idol as a beautiful princess, not as a humble servant or out-of-reach queen. The Schone Madonna became the Bohemian feminine ideal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The three basic prototypes for the â€Å"Beautiful Madonna†, Krumau, Thorn, and Breslau, are all very similar, with graceful postures, made of the same material, approximately the same height, and around the same time period. Of these, the Madonna of Krumau is considered the best and most famous. A stone sculpture, 4’3†, dating to approximately 1390-1400, it was created by a Bohemian artist who focused on Schone Madonna figures. This piece â€Å"embodies the beau ideal as the chaste princess of the Late Gothic age.† (p.31 textbook) Mary has a poised head on a long neck emerging from narrow shoulders, with a charming face and high forehead. Her long fingers gently, but firmly grasp her young son, while he makes eye contact with the viewer. The Madonna’s drapery is poetic in abstraction, a Schone Madonna style characteristic. The gentle â€Å"S† curve of her body allows for elegant cascades of draped cloth. (p. 31 textbook)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Jihlava Pieta was sculpted of stone by a Bohemian artist around 1400-1410. This composition is formed by a seated Madonna, and the diagonal is marked by a rigid Christ. (p. 32 textbook) Mary almost looks happy to see her once suffering son dead, and this is somewhat disturbing.

Political Economy Theory Essay

The political economy in mass media theory argues that â€Å"the structure of the industry influences content.† _(Andrejevic M, 2007)._ This theory will be demonstrated by analysing an article entitled _'†Sky’s the limit† for MySpace’_, published on _News.com.au_ on August 10th 2007. The presumption of the theory is that media content is influenced by a combination of the media owners (individuals or corporations), advertisers, competitors/other media, government regulations and viewers or readers. In the case of media ownership, â€Å"Private individuals decide what information should be provided to the public based on what earns them the most money.† _(Andrejevic M, 2007)_ The _News.com.au_ article on _MySpace_ appears in the National News section and describes the firm grasp and incredible influence the social networking site, established in 2003, has on the internet and throughout the business world. The article is saturated with references to the innovations and stunning success of _MySpace_. For example the opening sentence reads â€Å"Social networking website _MySpace_ has more than 115 million members around the world and already plays a key role in launching music careers, political campaigns and the way people communicate in general.† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ At this point a discerning reader should recall that _News Corp_ bought _MySpace_ from its co founders Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe in July 2005. _(Malick O, 2006)_ The propaganda model developed by Edwards S Herman and Noam Chomsky asserts that information presented to the general public via mainstream media outlets will be biased in relation to the interests of the multinational organisations or media conglomerates that own them. _(Herman & Chomsky, 1988)_ By publishing an article promoting the dominant discourse that _MySpace_ is a popular, thriving production with unlimited potential, _News Limited_ are encouraging awareness of the website, which in turn provides it with traffic and publicity. Since _News Corp_ owns _MySpace_ and is a holding company for _News Limited_, this is a chief example of the  propaganda model and reinforces the political economy theory that media content is affected by media owners. The positive language used in the article demonstrates the power of linguistic controls in promoting a discourse. The writers of the article use phrases such as â€Å"it’s just the tip of the ice berg† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ to imply there is a wealth of possibilities for _MySpace_ to accomplish. The website is described as â€Å"a platform for individuals to express themselves and socialise.† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ This quote is relevant to today’s society as ideas of non-conformity, individuality and creativity are attractive to today’s youth. Of all the quotes available from the interviews with the co founders, there is a deliberate choice on behalf of _News.com.au_ to feature words such as ’emerging’, ‘prominent’, ‘innovate’, and ‘evolve’ that connote ideas of positive change and progression. This gives the impression that _MySpace_ is at the forefront of the online social networking phenomenon with millions of individuals flocking to be involved. These terms are deliberately chosen by _News Limited_ to appeal to advertisers who wish for their products to be seen and purchased by the â€Å"trend-setters† in society, and this will consequently benefit its parent, _News Corp_. The article also suggests the potential power MySpace has for advertisers in the future. â€Å"Mr DeWolfe said mobile advertising would be a lucrative fund source and video would take a more prominent place in the way people communicated and shared their art.† _(Gadd M, 2007)_ It should be noted that _News Corp.,_ along with other media conglomerates, is ultimately a commercial organisation. By using _News Limited_’s article to draw attention to the incredible infiltration ratio of _MySpace_ (four million unique accounts in Australia, and 50% of all internet users in America) _News Corp_ is securing advertisers’ interest in _MySpace_. The statement by Walt Disney Corporation CEO, Michael Eisner, is particularly powerful in demonstrating the reality of what drives media conglomerates: â€Å"We have no obligation to make history. We have no obligation to make art. We have no obligation to make a statement. To make money is our only objective.† _(Andrejevic M , 2007)_ Newspapers, TV networks and magazines rely on advertisers to finance their business, so to encourage advertisers to buy space in their publication they commodify and promote their audiences. According to Dallas Smythe â€Å"audiences are bought by advertisers on the basis on income, age, sex, ethnic and class specifications.† _(Stevenson N, 2002:10-11)_ Rupert Murdoch outlined his plans for the future of _MySpace_ in a 2006 interview at the Citigroup Entertainment, Media and Telecommunications Conference. He revealed that an instant messenger client with voice capabilities, increased worldwide penetration, and free video downloads were in the works. (The free video downloads have been successfully incorporated into the website since the interview.) Following this, Mr Murdoch said â€Å"We’ve got the biggest mass of unsold inventory. We have the third most page views of the Internet in America,† and explained that _News Corp_ had met with advertising networks to â€Å"judge whether they can sell it better than we can.† _(Burns E, 2006)_ In conclusion, the political economy theory, which highlights the a link between â€Å"ownership and †¦ content of media production† _(Stevenson N, 2002: 41)_, can be applied to the _News.com.au_ article about _MySpace_ to reveal how much ownership, among other things, can affect the information the public receives from mass media outlets. As demonstrated in the way that _News Limited_ portrayed _MySpace_ in a positive light for the economic benefit of its parent firm _News Corp,_ it is important for audiences to be aware of the political economy theory, and to detect not only bias but the possible reasons behind such bias in media texts they consume. BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrejevic M (2007) _The Mass Media: A Political Economic Approach._ Lecture slides for JOUR2211 Week 2. Available from https://my.uq.edu.au/blackboard_frame.html Accessed on 12/08/07 Burns E (2006) _Murdoch discusses future of MySpace.com._ Available from Accessed on 10/08/07 Gadd M (2007) _’Sky’s the limit’ for MySpace._ Available from Accessed on 10/08/07 Herman E S and Chomsky, Noam. (1988) _Manufacturing Consent: the Political Economy of the Mass Media_. New York: Pantheon Books Malick O (2006) _Why Murdoch Really Bought MySpace._ Available Accessed on 11/02/03 McQuail D (2002) _McQuails Reader in Mass Communication Theory._ Sage publications. Stevenson N (2002) Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass Communication. Sage publications. pp10-11

Religion and Science Can They Coexist in the Modern World

Religion and Science: Can They Coexist in the Modern World Since the dawn of man, humans have struggled to explain the many mysteries of the universe, and to justify their existence in it. Throughout this journey of self-understanding, numerous standpoints about human existence have evolved and merged into a complex, abstract manifestation called religion. Advances in science and technology have yielded a new breed of human thought that has disturbed and shaken the foundations of religious ideology. The new, scientifically-grounded understanding of the universe has unfolded a plethora of answers to age-old questions, which are antithetical to the explanations offered by some religious beliefs. The Bible has answered the questions: how†¦show more content†¦Many religious thinkers have responded to this evidence, by claiming that the methods used to ascertain the Earths age are inaccurate. They argue that radioactive dating; a widely accepted method of determining the age of rocks, is inaccurate because there is no available rock sa mple of a known age, to which the method can be calibrated. However, this argument is obsolete because the only calibration required to find the age of a rock is the measurement of decay rates, which can be found in the laboratory in a controlled experiment (Badash, 1995, 90). Because of the evidence provided by scientific research, many religious thinkers have been forced to compromise their position, and have attempted to blend scientific fact with biblical accounts of the age of the earth. Many theists contend that the words of the Bible are metaphorical, and can be interpreted in a way that reconciles the biblical account of the Earths age with scientific fact. According to Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, the earth was created in six days: And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day (Genesis 1:31). They argue that other passages in the book of Genesis can be interpreted to mean that a day to God can be thousands of years, and because of this, the Earth could have been created over a much longer timeframe than six days, and can thus be asShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Of Science And Religion1585 Words   |  7 PagesZamora Gabriela Professor: R. Stringer Friday English 101 Class 12/05/14 Similarities and Differences of Science and Religion Where do we come from? Why are we here? And What is our purpose are questions that many of us ask ourselves sometime. During the debate on, Does Science Refutes God?, it is well seen that science can overthrow the credibility of God because science has a lot of relevant studies and conclusions, but it certainly does not refute God. It is clearly seen that shermer and KrauzeRead MoreThe Star by Arthur C. Clarke and the Juxtaposition of Science and Religion704 Words   |  3 Pagesabout science and religion, one can find it quite amusing. If science and religion are to continue to coexist it seems opposed to the conditions of modern thought to admit that this result can be brought about by the so-called water-tight compartment system which, even at the present time, is frequently extolled or considered possible.(Boutroux, 406) Two powerful forces that coexist yet each of them deny one another, but yet they define one another. The perfect paradox within the world of bothRead MoreCreation or Evolution - Let the Children Chose Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pageshave, as people we can choose to do just about anything and anywhere. There is however a place where most of the American children have no choice at all, what to believe when it comes to science. It is a mystery among men, the question that has every person in the world wonder, â€Å"Where did it all come from?† Over the last forty to fifty years, the United States Government has decided to separate church and state, so why is evolution taught? Evolution is a religion, it is not science. The scientific methodRead MoreCan Religion and Science be Compatible?1326 Words   |  5 PagesCan Religion and Science be Compatible? Accepting the compatibility between science and religion is a tactic used by those who instinctively fear that a manifest conflict between the two areas would endanger the future of science. They are worried about the possibility that scientists would not receive any financial support or that science classes in schools might be replaced with hours of religion. A huge number of atheist scientists are aware of the negative role, that they have irrational ideasRead MoreIslam And Western Imperialism In Islam998 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the Islamic world has faced many challenges throughout history, Islam’s encounter with Western imperialism during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has had the greatest impact on contemporary Islam. These encounters with Western powers influenced and shaped the Muslim world by introducing Islam to modernity. The Islamic world’s varied reaction to these challenges of modernity affects a wide range of issues in Islam today. To understand how the Muslim world reacted to Western influenceRead MoreNicholas Copernicus : Heroes And Villains933 Words   |  4 Pagessignificant impact on future astronomers and led to the birth of modern science. Copernicus’ discoveries had a significant effect on the scientists, astronomers, and mathematicians of the next two centuries. For example, â€Å"Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), the Danish astronomer, ... one of Copernicuss immediate successors, †¦ [made] painstaking observations and calculations proved the fundamental truth of the Copernican system. †¦ [he was the] father of modern practical astronomy.† Because Copernicus sparked the CopernicanRead MoreEpistemology - Are science and religion in conflict? Essay1824 Words   |  8 Pagesrelationship between science and religion is a difficult one and the two sides have tested each other and debated each other in many forums. Some believe there are major differences in science and religion and that the two can never coexist while others believe that science is in fact evidence that religious views are correct. To better understand and answer the question of whether the two sides really do conflict we will look at: my view on the subject, the definitions of both science and religion, basic argumentsRead MoreThe Clash of Faith and Evidence1545 Words   |  6 PagesClash of Faith and Evidence History has shown that in the past, religion dominated as an explanation of knowledge and was used to explain many of the worlds mysteries such as why the sun rises and sets and how the world came to be. Science, using concrete and tested evidence, gave light to many of these mysteries and debunked the myths created from religion. In todays modern society, science has advanced in a remarkable fashion. Science has broken down objects into structured molecules, found theRead MoreWhy Science and Religion Can and Must Coexist Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, religion and science have been in constant conflict with each other. The arrest and excommunication of astronomer Galileo1 for teaching that the earth is flat and revolves around the sun is just one example of this conflict. Many religious leaders2 and scientists3 today believe that science and religion are fundamentally different and will always contradict each other. But with what reason? Religion has always tr ied to answer our questions in an instinctual way, based on emotionsRead MoreChristianity and Psychology Integrated1641 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity and psychology have always seemed to have nothing in common with one another; even to the point that people think they are completely separate and hostile entities. I believe that they can be used to bolster one another and can be used together to edify the body of believers. Pastors and other spiritual leaders use psychology every day when counseling the body of believers. This is a normal occurrence and should be supported by the psychological and Christian communities. Psychology

Irish Cemeteries and Burial Records Online

Frankenstein, By Mary Shelley - 934 Words

Throughout the novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley shows the creature and his creator Victor Frankenstein as similar in many ways. Through these similarities, Shelley tries to express to the reader how they can find similarities with others around them, and relate to one another. Especially as the novel progresses, Shelley reveals these similarities as the characters develop. Though on the surface they may seem on two opposite ends of the spectrum, digging deeper shows that the creature and Frankenstein share many characteristics. They both share a trait of seclusion, a wanting for vengeance, as well as a drive to gain more knowledge about certain topics. Shelley purposefully put these similarities in the book to show how humans can relate to one another, regardless of how different they seem. Soon after the monster comes into existence, he finds trouble fitting in and socializing with others. In fact, he struggles to even approach anyone without getting a reaction of disgust or fear. As an outcast, he displays traits of loneliness and seclusion from everyone he comes in contact with. Shelley portrays the creature as independent, showing that he has no choice but to go on his own. Frankenstein shows traits comparable to the monster in this way. He also shows traits of isolation from others. While capable of socializing with others, he chooses to dedicate his time to his studies, research, and experiments. Shelley presents Victor as a loner through his own decision, while theShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbook of Frankenstein does one just think of a mythical science fiction book that really has no meaning? Frankenstein can have numerous meanings depending on how a person perceives it. Frankenstein can be analyzed into many themes; s ome say religion, feminism, or scientific symbolization, it all depends on ones own perception. When one analyzes further into Mary Shelly’s life and then interprets the novel it is obvious that is a sociological theme. One can simply assume that Mary Shelley creates FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesfaster than man can contend with. That argument is the premises, moral, and plot base for Mary Shelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. ShelleysRead MoreMary Shelley Frankenstein859 Words   |  4 Pages Mary Shelley The Creature in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† needs a companionship as every ordinary human. Every man needs a woman, who will able to share moments of happiness and sadness, a woman who will be able to share thoughts and of course a woman who will be able to love a man. In this case the Creature needs a bride. But the problem is that the Creature from the â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† is not a human. SoRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1325 Words   |  6 PagesI have been informed that you are pushing to remove the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley from the school curriculum. I’ve decided to write to you and explain why I believe that you are misinformed, and in fact, why this is a huge importance to the students of today. Frankenstein is a classic which recounts the life and horrors of Victor Frankenstein, as told through a series of letters and narrations. His obsession with the natural world and science brings him to a state of mind which ultimatelyRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is a sci-fi novel written during the Romantic Movement in Britain’s early nineteenth century. The movement was stimulated by the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and in reaction against the emphasis on reason in eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy (The Romantic Movement, 2014 ). Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Shelley was also a romantic poet during the movement. Shelley’s novel is evidently influenced by her relationship with her husband, which is illustratedRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley739 Words   |  3 Pagesinterconnections of humanity, nature, and divinity (â€Å"Romanticism 1†). English Romanticism being trendy in Europe, people would vent their outlooks onto their personal fiction works such as Mary Shelley. Shelley uses vivid creativity and romantic elements to create one of her admired novels, Frankenstein. In Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, most of the characters prove their compassion for mankind, prove their rejection of technology and science, and prove their involvement in a romantic quest. These several characteristicsRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1040 Words   |  5 Pages In 1818, a book titled Frankenstein was published anonymously, mysteriously dedicated to William Godwin, a prominent journal ist and political philosopher of his time. The immediate reviews of the novel were mixed, most edging towards critical, although no one knew who the book was written by. However, while Frankenstein failed to gain popularity immediately, no one had any idea the lasting impact this novel would have on the world. Despite the lukewarm reception at its debut, it soon proved to beRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamental Gothic literature is extremely renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreFrankenstein, By Mary She lley1532 Words   |  7 PagesLike any author, especially one who created a new genre, there will be criticism, and Shelley is no exception. Shelley received criticism surrounding Frankenstein not only because she was a female writer, but because of her writing style. Originally, Frankenstein was published anonymously and was thought that her husband, Percy Shelley, wrote it (â€Å"Mary Shelley Biography† 2016). Shelley may have published Frankenstein anonymously because â€Å"’women understood that they got a â€Å"better hearing† if it was thought

Financial Management Analysis Premier Food Plc

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management Analysis of the food producing companies of United Kingdom, Premier Food Plc? Answer: Introduction Financial management analysis plays a key role for every modern business organizations. There are various roles and aspects of the criteria of financial business management that can be utilized by all the modern business organizations. With the help of financial management analysis, the organizations can manage its financial resources.This assignment will discuss about the one of the food producing companies of United Kingdom, Premier Food Plc. The organization is listed on London stock exchange and was found in the year 1975. The organization is a geared company as its total amount of debt is higher than its total number of equity. This is mainly because, the total amount of debt of the organization is much higher than the total amount of equity. 1. Sources of finance available to the organization The organization Premier Foods Plc is a geared organization. Due to this reason, it is important for the given organization to find effective sources of finance to manage their working capital requirements effectively. Various sources of finance are available to the modern business organizations. It can be classified as equity and debt. Equity can be considered as a long term of source of finance and on the other hand, debt can be considered as short-term sources of financing. In case of equity source of finance, there are various forms of classifications. These classifications are in the form of venture capitalists, home loans, reserves and surplus, existing capital, funds from public and personal sources of income (Labbi, 2005) Venture capitalists/Merchant bankers- The organization Premier Food Plc can raise capital through the help of venture capitalists and merchant banks to raise capital. Generally, these types of financial institutions provide capital to those institutions that have a degree of competitive advantage associated with them. Therefore, the organization Premier Food Plc can opt for venture capitalists or merchant bankers to raise financial funds (Marsh, 2012). Reserves and surplus- The organization can opt for raising capital from their own financial sources. The organization Premier Food Plc has a certain amount of reserves and surplus with them. They can utilize the amount of that money for their future cash generations. The organization can also opt for right issue of shares to their respective shareholders. In addition to this, the organization can also opt for dividend yield polices to their shareholders. Investments from public via new issue of shares- Since, the organization are listed on London Stock Exchange, it can be deduced that they can sell some portion of their shares and can subsequently get money from them. This is the biggest advantage of an organization listed on secondary exchange. The organization can also opt for further public offerings (FPO) from secondary market (Vogel, 2011) Personal sources of income- The organization Premier Foods Plc can also take sources of funds from their personal sources like drawings and others. This given sources of income can be of both short term and long term sources of income. The organization Premier Foods Plc can also opt for debt sources of financing for their respective sources of income. There are various types of debt sources of financing. These are in the form of:- Loan from financial institutions- The organization can opt long term and short-term loans from financial institutions like banks. Such form of loans can be of both short term and long-term sources. Such form of loans from financial institutions will help the organization to carry out their working capital activities efficiently. However, the organization has to pay a certain rate of interest to the respective banks. The level of interest will vary in accordance to the period of loan (Cvijanovi, 2014). Treasury bills- Premier Food Plc can also opt for government treasury bills for their respective source of funds. In addition to this, any form of treasury bills is less risky and it would be highly beneficial for the respective organization. Commercial bills- The organization can also select short-term money market instruments like commercial bills to investigate source of funds for short-term purpose. This will be of great essence for the organization to meet their short term and long term sources of funds. Lease and mortgages- Financial lease and asset-backed mortgages can be another option for the respective organization to evaluate the different sources of their funds. The organization can take financial leases or they can also opt for mortgages for their respective assets. Government Bonds- Government bonds can be also another option Premier Food Plc for the respective sources of funds. This can be considered as effective source of funds for the food manufacturing organization (Haslem, 2010). These are the different sources of finance that is available for the given business organization Premier Foods Plc. 2. Considerations undertaken by the management for choosing different sources of finance There are more than a few considerations that can be taken into account by the management of Premier Foods Plc for choosing different sources of finance. One of the major factors that can be taken into account by the management of Premier Foods Plc is regarding the structure of their capital. The ratio of debt and equity for the respective organization is the most important factor that will decide whether the management will opt for equity form of sources of finance and debt form of sources of finance. From the financial reports of the organization, it has been seen that the organization has a higher amount of equity and lower of debt. Due to this reason, the management of Premiers Food Plc can easily opt for different forms of debt sources of financing. However, such debt of source of financing may be only short term in nature. It may be inferred that the management of the organization may evaluate the pros and cons for the different types of sources of funds effectively. The respec tive management of the organization Premier Foods Plc can evaluate multiple numbers of implications of the given sources of finance. The overall impact of the sources of finance on the business structure can also be taken into consideration by the respective management of Premier Foods Plc. Another important factor that the management considers is regarding the forms of business risks associated with the sources of funds. The different forms of debt source of finance have a higher amount of risks associated with it. Due to this reason, the organization evaluated the different types of interest and loan structure associated with the debt sources of finance. In addition to this, a geared organization like Premier Foods Plc requires a minimal level of cost of capital structure. With effect to this, the management of the organization will incur of sources of capital in an equal amount of debt or equity. The organization may also choose multiple money market instruments like treasury bil ls, corporate bonds and others in order to improve or lower down their cost of capital. This is mainly because, debt source of finance is far cheaper than equity source of funds. The organization Premier Foods Plc requires source of funds to expand their business activities and to meet their working capital requirements (Ardalan, 2000). Another type of consideration implemented by the management of Premier Food Plc is regarding the total amount of capital required by the organization. The organization is a growing organization; therefore, it will need lot of sources of funds for their respective operational activities. If it is seen that the organization requires short-term sources of finance to meet up with their short-term debts, then the organization can opt for short-term loans, corporate bonds to raise finance effectively. In addition to this, the organization may also consider the rate of interest regarding short-term loans of finance from different financial institution. The rate of interest can affect the structure of the organization. The total amount of reserves and surplus of Premier Foods is on the lower side; therefore, the management cannot raise capital from their respective reserve and surplus account. In addition to this, the organization can consider the repayment terms of equity like venture capit alists or merchant bankers. Due to this reason, the management of Premiers Food Plc issue shares in the secondary exchange to raise funds from public. In addition to this, they also opt for treasury bills as short-term sources of finance. The management of Premier Foods Plc also selects asset backed loan mortgages to raise capital. However, the organization is having a lower amount of equity. Therefore, it is important for the organization to balance their capital structure by finding appropriate sources of equity capital( Baker and Wurgler, 2013). Since the organization is a geared organization, therefore, the management of the organization may implement an optimal level of capital structure to minimize their weighted cost of capital for their potential investors. This can only be done with effective allocation of sources of funds to minimize their total amount and rate of cost of equity and cost of debt effectively. 3. Calculation and evaluation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital for the organization For every modern business organizations, it is of great essence to calculate the cost of capital to evaluate the appropriate structure of the organization. The capital structure of any business organization forms the core for every business organizations to give the operational activities an effective direction. All of forms long-term sources of equity, that is, equity share, preference share, government bills, bonds, long and short-term debt are included in the calculation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital. The formula is as follows:- In case of the given organization, Premier Foods Plc, the given cost of debt is as follows, Further, cost of equity can be calculated as- The current risk free rate of the organization Premier Foods Plc is 2.3 in accordance to the average Treasury bill rate. As per the London Stock Exchange, the market premium of the organization is 7.5percent. Therefore, cost of equity of the organization is 2.3+10*7.5 = 9.7 percent. The total amount of cost of debt can be calculated as total amount of interest expenses/ Total book value of debt = 81/1622 = 5.04 percent. Therefore, the expected Weighted cost of capital of the organization is =0.2*9.7%+2.762*5.04(1-0.3) = 9.72 percent. The Weighted cost of capital of the organization Premier Foods Plc cannot be considered as optimal level for their respective investors. The practical implication and calculation of weighted cost of capital is of extreme difficult in nature. The given elements and variables of calculation of weighted average cost of capital are equity and debt. It is a challenging task to calculate and interpret the total value of cost of equity and cost of debt for the respective business organization Premier Foods Plc. In most cases, several number of proxy values are used to calculate the respective cost of equity and cost of debt for any business organization. Apart from this, to measure cost of equity, different managements use different approaches. Some may use capital asset pricing method (CAPM), some may use dividend growth model and other may use both of them. All the given models are based on several interpretations of the secondary markets. Therefore, both the given models can give different forms of results. There can be a contradictory nature between the calculation of risk premium and expected return from the market. In addition to this, there is a great difficulty in the assumption of market premium in the calculation of c ost of debt for any organization like Premier Foods Plc. In addition to this, a business organization calculates weighted cost of capital based on expected market returns of the market rather than historical returns of the market. In addition to this, the total rate of risk premium reflects the current rate of treasury bills in the secondary market. Due to this reason, many financial analysts predict the rate of risk free rate that is prevailing in the current market scenario. On the other hand, in case of the organization Premier Foods Plc, it has been seen that, the capital structure of the organization is of extreme complex in nature. In case of calculation of weighted cost of capital of Premier Foods Plc, there were potential problems to find the required rates of risk free rate and expected market return of the organization. Apart from this, the calculation of beta is also assumed of the given organization. The management of the organization also assumed the existing rate of ma rket premium of the given organization. Due to the complex capital structure of the organization Premier Foods Plc, the calculation of weighted average cost method is not that much effective for the respective organization. Another difficulty that the organization Premier Foods Plc faced is regarding allocation of cost of equity and cost of debt effectively. This is the major reason why, the structure of capital is not that much simple. However, the rate of weighted cost of capital is not optimum in comparison with its current competitors in the present business scenario( Correia, 2011) Conclusion and recommendations of the capital structure of the organization The capital structure of the organization Premier Foods Plc has a higher amount of debt in comparison with its respective equity. This is mainly because; the management of the organization depend upon debt source of funds rather than equity source of funds. In addition to this, the total amount of equity and capital reserve of the firm is extremely low; therefore, the firm may require incurring more amount of equity source of finance effectively. The capital structure of the organization is exposed to higher amount of financial risk. The total amount of debt is almost 2-3 times higher than the required equity of the organization. Due to this reason, the organization needs to incorporate an effective structure of equity and debt within their capital structure. In addition to this, the organization incurs sources of funds mainly from debt sources of finance. For this reason, the debt portion of the organization consists of both short-term debts and long-term debts effectively. In addit ion to this, the share premium amount of the organization is also on the higher side and this is the reason why, the financial risk of Premier Foods Plc is higher. Apart from this, total assets to capital ratio are on the higher side. For this, it infers that the organization is not utilizing their total assets in their respective capital structure. In addition to this, the cost of interest is on the lower side, which further infers that the organization is utilizing its debt in cheapest manner. Due to this reason, different forms of recommendations are required to be given to the given organization Premier Foods Plc in order to improve their weighted average cost of capital. Recommendations There are several recommendations that can be given to the respective organization Premier Foods Plc m order to improve their capital structure. This can also be done with the help of minimization of weighted average cost of capital. The organization needs to minimize their total amount of debt or improve their total amount of debt-equity ratio. This can only be done through effective analysis and evaluation of selected sources of finance. The organization needs to incur more amounts of equity sources of finance to make their capital structure more appropriate. In addition to this, the organization may minimize their systematic risk effectively. This will further minimize the required beta for the organization and can have a considerable effect on the cost of equity of the respected organization. In addition to this, the organization can also lower total cost of equity and total cost of debt to improve their capital structure. However, since debt is the cheapest source of finance, th e weighted average cost of capital of the organization is lower. Although, it is observed that the organization can also opt for effective for more short-term sources of finance to meet up with their working capital requirements. Another recommendation that can be given to the organization is that the organization needs to incur debt-equity ratio in the form of 70-30 rule. Due to this reason, it is important for the respective organization to incur more form of equity from selling shares to public. With the help of this, the organization can improve their capital structure in an optimum manner. In addition to this, the organization Premier Foods Plc can also opt for government bonds and treasury bills to incur different sources of finance in an effective manner. These are the different recommendations that can be given to the organization Premier Foods Plc about their capital structure. References Ardalan, A. (2000). Economic financial analysis for engineering project management. Lancaster, Penn.: Technomic Pub. Co. Baker, M. and Wurgler, J. (2013). Do strict capital requirements raise the cost of capital?. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Bellalah, M. (2010). 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